Chapter – 1
Introduction 21
Background 21
NGO Intervention in Rural Development Sector 22
Requirements for Effective NGO Intervention 23
A Look into Literature 24
Objective and Methodology 31
Outline of the Book 32
Chapter – 2
NGO Approach to Rural Development: A Theoretical Analysis 35
Conceptual Framework of Rural Development 35
Development Management System 39
The Phenomena of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) 45
Factors Responsible for the Growth of NGOs 48
Stages of Growth of Non-Governmental Organizations 50
Categories of Non-Governmental Organizations 53
Role and Functions of Non-Governmental Organizations 54
Non-Governmental Organizations in Rural Development 58
Basic Features of NGOs’ Approach to Rural Development 63
Chapter- 3
Dimensions of Non-Governmental Organizations in Bangladesh 67
Pre-colonial State of Non-Governmental Initiatives 67
NGO Efforts during British Colonial Regime 69
NGOs in Pakistan Regime 71
NGOs in Bangladesh Regime 72
Number of NGOs in Bangladesh 74
Categories of NGOs Working in Bangladesh 77
Generation of NGOs in Bangladesh: Rural Development Perspective 81
Chapter – 4
NGOs Micro-credit Approach to Rural Development 85
Functional Coverage of NGOs in Bangladesh 85
Factors Responsible for the Emergence of Micro-credit Program as 87
NGO’s Approach to Rural Development
Poverty and Need for Capital 88
Policy Shift of International Financing Agencies 88
Government’s Support and Sponsorship 90
NGOs’ Urge for Internal Resource Mobilization 91
Extensiveness of Micro-credit Program 92
Micro-credit Realities with PKSF 92
Micro-credit Realities with the Credit and Development Forum (CDF) 95
System of NGOs Micro-credit Program 97
NGO-Government Relationship: Micro-credit Program in Perspective 100
Chapter –5
Program Intervention of NGOs for Rural Development: 103
RDRS and BRAC
Historical Features of RDRS and BRAC 103
RDRS Program Contents to Address People’s Needs 108
People's Organization and Mobilization 110
Women's Right and Gender Awareness 112
Education 113
Primary Health Education and Services 113
Agriculture 114
Employment Generations 115
Environmental Management and Community Resource Mobilization 116
Disaster Preparedness, Management and Development of Vulnerable 117
Communities
Micro-credit Program 118
BRAC Program Contents to Address People’s Needs 120
Rural Development Program 122
Education Program 134
Health and Population Program 135
Urban Program 137
Other Programs of BRAC 138
Basic Features in Program Intervention of the NGOs 139
Position of Credit in the Program Intervention 144
Chapter – 6
Organizational Capability of the NGOs: RDRS and BRAC 151
Organization System of RDRS 151
Human Resource System of RDRS 153
Operating Resources of RDRS 155
Organization Structure of BRAC 159
Human Resource System of BRAC 163
Operating Resources of BRAC 166
General Features of the Organizational Capabilities of RDRS and BRAC 169
Chapter – 7
Development Program Management System of RDRS and BRAC 173
RDRS-Rangpur Dinajpur Rural Service Development Planning of RDRS 173
Management of People’s Organization RDRS 174
Credit Operation of RDRS 176
Loan Disbursement System 178
Loan Disbursement at Upazila Office 180
Realization of Loan 181
Recovery of Default Loan 182
Supervision and Monitoring system of RDRS 182
Development Planning of BRAC 184
BRAC Management of People's Organization 185
Micro-credit Operation of BRAC 187
Approval of Loan 187
Loan Disbursement 188
Realization of Loan 188
Realization of Default Loan 189
Supervision and Monitoring system of BRAC 189
Basic Characteristic Features of Program 191
Management of RDRS and BRAC 191
Chapter – 8
An Analysis of NGOs’ Role in Rural Development 195
Goal Structure of NGO’s Rural Development Efforts 195
Sectors of Investment 196
System of Credit Management 197
Change in the Rural System 198
Organic Solidarity 204
Institutional and Operational Issues 208
Organizational Development 208
Participation in Designing and Implementing Program Activities 210
Self-reliance, Sustainability and Displacement versus Commitment 211
Subtracting Resources from the Rural Economy 215
Chapter 9
Concluding Remarks 219
Alternative Intervention Strategy 221
Institutional Arrangement for Community Participation 222
Partnership between NGOs and Group Members 223
Repayment Schedule as per the Nature of the Projects 223
Investment in Productive Sectors 224
Enhancing Professional and Facilitating Role of NGOs 224
Sustainability Issue 225
Acceptance 226
Financial Sustainability 226
Annexture 229
Bibliography 241
