Chapter 1 : Concepts of Statistics and Social Statistics 25
1.1 Meaning of Statistics 25
1.2 Importance of Statistics 25
1.3 Types of Statistics 26
1.4 Why Study Statistics in Sociology? 27
1.5 What is Social Statistics? 28
1.6 The main objective of the book 30
1.7 Organisation of the Book 31
Chapter 2 : Types of Variables and Levels of Measurement 33
2.1 Variables 33
2.2 Types of Variables 33
2.3 Discrete and Continuous Variables 33
2.4 Sociological Variable 34
2.5 Level of Measurements 34
2.5.1 Nominal Level Data 35
2.5.2 Ordinal Level Data 36
2.5.3 Interval Level Data 37
2.5.4 Ratio Level Data 37
Chapter 3 : Use of Proportions, Percentages, Rates and Ratios
In Describing Social Statistics 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Proportion 39
3.3 Percentage 40
3.4 Rate 41
3,5 Ratio 43
Chapter 4 : Household Income and National Income: Concepts and Meaning 47
4.1 Concepts of Income 47
4.2 Problems in Measurement of Income in Bangladesh 48
4.3 Concepts of Income Distribution 49
4.4 Concepts of National Income Accounting 52
4.5 Approaches of National Accounting 53
4.6 Methods of National Accounting in Bangladesh 56
4.7 Problems in Compilation of National Accounts in Bangladesh 60
4.8 Importance of Estimation of National Income 62
4.9 Key Indicators of National Accounts 63
4.10 Some Selected GDP related Statistics 66
Chapter 5 : Theoretical Distribution of Income 83
5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 Pareto Distribution of Income 83
5.3 The Pareto Law 84
5.4 The Probability Distribution Function 85
5.5 Mean and Variance of the Distribution 86
5.5.1 The Mean 86
5.5.2 The Variance 87
5.6 Illustration of Graphical Test and Fitting of Pareto Curve 88
5.6.1 Graphical Test 88
5.6.2 Fitting of Pareto Curve 90
5.7 The Lognormal Distribution (Two–Parameter) 96
5.7.1 Introduction 96
5.7.2 Derivation of Probability Density Function of the
Lognormal Distribution 96
5.7.3 The Mean and Variance of Lognormal Distribution 97
5.7.3.1 The Mean 97
5.7.3.2 The Variance 99
5.8 Graphical Test and Fitting of Two-Parameter Lognormal
Distribution 99
5.8.1 Graphical Test 99
5.8.2 Fitting of Lognormal Distribution for Rural Area 102
5.8.3 Fitting of Lognormal Distribution for Urban Area 103
5.8.4 Fitting of Lognormal Distribution for National
Level Data 105
5.9 The Three-Parameter Lognormal Distribution 106
5.9.1 Introduction 106
5.9.2 Graphical Test 106
5.9.3 Estimation of Parameters and Fitting of the Curve 109
5.10 Other Parametric Distributions 113
5.10.1 Exponential distribution 113
5.10.2 The Gamma Distribution 115
5.10.3 Weibull Distribution 116
5.10.4 Champernowne Distribution 116
5.10.5 Generalized Beta Distribution of the Second Kind (GB2) 117
5.11 Empirical Illustration 118
Chapter 6 : Measures of Inequality 123
6.1 Concepts of Inequality 123
6.2 Measures of Inequality 124
6.3 Lorenze Curve and Gini Coefficient 125
6.4 The Mathematical Specification of LC 127
6.5 The slope of the LC 128
6.6 Computation of Lorenz Ratio/Gini Co-efficient 129
6.6.1 Graphical Method 129
6.6.2 Numerical Method for Computation of Lorenz 130
Ratio/Gini Coefficient
6.7 Other Positive Measures of Inequality 134
6.7.1 The Range 134
6.7.2 The Relative Mean Deviation 135
6.7.3 The Variance 137
6.7.4 The coefficient of variation (C.V.) 137
6.7.5 The Standard Deviation of Logarithms 138
6.7.6 Theil’s Measure of Inequality from the Notion
of Entropy 139
6.7.6.1 Conceptual Background of Entropy 139
6.7.6.2 Theil’s Measure of Inequality 139
6.7.6.3 Generalized Entropy Measures of Inequality 141
6.7.7 Elteto-Frigyes Measures 143
6.7.8 Desirable Properties of a Measure of Inequality 143
6.8 Normative Measures of Inequality 146
6.8.1 Approaches to Measure Atkinson’s Index 147
6.8.2 Another Approach to Measure Atkinson’s Index 149
Chapter 7 : Concepts, Definitions and Measurement of Poverty 153
7.1 Concepts of Poverty 153
7.2 Criticisms on Concept of Poverty 156
7.3 Definition of Poverty 156
7.4 Approaches for Poverty Measurement 157
7.5 Approaches for Drawing Absolute Poverty Line 157
7.6 Measures of Poverty 163
7.6.1 Head Count Index (HCI) 164
7.6.2 Poverty Gap Index (PGI) 164
7.6.3 Squared Poverty Gap Index (SPGI) 165
7.6.4 General Class of Poverty Measure 167
7.6.5 Sen’s Composite Index of Poverty Measure 168
7.6.6 Other Measures of Poverty 169
Chapter 8 : Population and Vital Statistics 173
8.1 Introduction 173
8.2 Sources of Population Statistics 173
8.3 Sample Surveys 174
8.4 Vital Registration 175
8.5 Time–Lag in Publication 175
8.6 Reliability of Data 175
8.7 Certain Important Population Statistics 175
Chapter 9 : Labour Force Statistics 183
9.1 Introduction 183
9.2 Sources of Labour Force and Employment Statistics 184
9.3 Deficiencies in Labour Force and Employment Statistics 185
9.4 Time – lag in Publication 186
9.5 Some Indicators of Labour Force 186
Chapter 10 : Health Statistics 195
10.1 Introduction 195
10.2 Sources of Statistics on Health and Nutrition 196
10.3 Data Requirement for Policy Formulation and Planning 196
10.4 Time –lag in Publication 197
10.5 Reliability of Health Statistics 198
10.6 Some Selected Health Statistics/Indicators 198
Chapter 11 : Nutrition Statistics 203
11.1 Introduction 203
11.2 Methods of Obtaining Nutrition Statistics 204
11.3 Source of Nutrition Statistics 205
11.4 Some Indicators of Nutrition 205
11.5 Energy and Nutrient Intake 205
11.6 Anthropometric Measures of Child Nutrition 206
11.6.1 Anthropometric Indices 206
11.6.2 Other Anthropometric Indices 207
11.7 Deficiencies of Nutrition Statistics 209
11.8 Time–lag in Publication 209
11.9 Some Selected Nutrition Statistics 209
Chapter 12 : Educational Statistics 213
12.1 Introduction 213
12.2 Main Sources of Educational Statistics 214
12.3 Limitations of Educational Statistics 215
12.4 Reliability of Educational Statistics 216
12.5 Major Deficiencies in Educational Statistics 216
12.6 Time–lag in Publication 216
12.7 Some Selected Available Indicators on Education 216
12.8 Some Selected Indicators of Secondary Level Education 218
Chapter 13 : Statistics of Level of Living 231
13.1 Introduction 231
13.2 Sources of Level of Living Statistics 233
13.3 Deficiencies in Statistics of Level of Living 234
13.4 Reliability of Data 235
13.5 Time–lag in Publication 235
13.6 Some Selected Statistics on Level of Living 236
13.7 Engel Ratio 236
Chapter 14 : Social Welfare Statistics 243
14.1 Introduction 243
14.2 What Matters With Social Welfare Statistics 245
14.3 Some Selected Indicators on Social Welfare 246
14.4 Sources of Social Welfare Statistics 246
14.5 Deficiencies in Social Welfare Statistics 247
14.6 Some Social Welfare Related Statistics 248
14.7 Time – lag in Publication 249
Chapter 15 : Cultural Statistics 255
15.1 Introduction 255
15.2 Classification of Culture 256
15.3 Basic Elements of Culture 257
15.4 Culture of Bangladesh: A brief review 258
15.5 Sources of Cultural Statistics 259
15.6 Deficiencies of Cultural Statistics 260
15.7 Time – Lag in Publication 260
15.8 Some Selected Statistics on Culture 261
Chapter 16 : Crime Statistics 267
16.1 Introduction 267
16.2 Sources of Crime Statistics 268
16.3 Deficiencies of Crime Statistics 269
16.4 Time–lag in Publication 270
16.5 Some Selected Statistics on Crimes 270
Chapter 17 : Plan Objectives For Poverty Alleviation 281
17.1 Introduction 281
17.2 Development Strategies of Different Five Year Plan 281
17.2.1 First Five Year Plan 281
17.2.2 Two Year Plan 283
17.2.3 Second Five Year Plan 283
17.2.4 Third Five Year Plan 284
17.2.5 Fourth Five Year Plan 285
17.2.6 Fifth Five Year Plan 286
17.2.7 Sixth Five Year Plan 287
17.3 The Plan Outlay for Poverty Alleviation 288
17.4 Pace of Poverty Reduction 290
Chapter 18 : Social Development Plans for Poverty Alleviation 293
18.1 Introduction 298
18.2 Public Expenditure for Poverty Alleviation 295
18.3 Targeted Public Policies for Poverty Alleviation 296
18.4 Certain Programs Specifically for Poverty Alleviation 298
18.5 Micro-Credit Programme for Poverty Alleviation 299
18.6 Microcredit Disbursement by the Administrative Division
of the Government 301
18.7 Social Development programmes Under Ministry of Social Welfare for Poverty Alleviation 302
Chapter 19 : Role of Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) in Poverty Alleviation 311
19.1 Introduction 311
19.2 Activities of Major NGOs 312
19.2.1 BRAC 312
19.2.2 ASA 312
19.2.3 PROSHIKA 313
19.2.4 SWANIRVAR BANGLADESH 313
19.2.5 CARITAS 313
19.2.6 TMSS 314
19.2.7 SHAKTI FOUNDATION 314
19.2.8 SOCIETY FOR SOCIAL SERVICES 314
19.2.9 BURO, Bangladesh 314
Chapter 20 : An Introduction to Anthropology 317
20.1 Defining Anthropology 317
20.2 Basic Characteristics of Anthropology 318
20.3 Social and Cultural Anthropology 319
20.4 The Four Field Approaches in Anthropology 320
20.4.1 Physical Anthropology 320
20.4.2 Cultural Anthropology 321
20.4.3 Anthropological Linguistics 322
20.4.4 Archaeology 322
20.5 Anthropological Field Research 322
20.6 Applied Anthropology 324
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